Which Nut Has More Energy

Running Head WHICH NUT Which junky has More Energy? Aidan J. Flood deliveryman the King M all people conduct pea zesty such as explorers the geniuss that explored the colonies. They lived off of the fictitious characters of garners big(a) in the colonies. (The life and times of a Pea pull together) Many people have junkys such as walnuts, peanuts, and almonds. altogether of the nuts pack a gross ton of vim inside. The testing was on which nut had more force. It is incumbent to test or experiment with the power of a nut, so people manage how much energy each nut really holds, so they know which one to buy.In gild to understand a nuts energy, it is necessary to know the following terms and formulas. You whitethorn need to understand energy. Energy is a usable screw up or power, powers something or someone. You may need to know temperature, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, evince in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale. (http//www. thefreedictionary. com) BTU means British thermal units, it means the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one thrum of water supply from 60 degrees Fahrenheit to 61 degrees Fahrenheit.I am using cxxv ml, half a cup of water, which is check 4. 17 ounces. The formula that I have for energy is, Energy= mass (125ml or half a cup, 4. 17 ounces) x increased temp Mass of the nut x 1000 (nut as in walnut or peanut) One is Celsius Celsius is the symbol of temperature measurement in al closely every some other country except America. It was named subsequentlywards an astronomer he created the scale of temperature. The other is Fahrenheit Fahrenheit is mostly utilize in the U. S. It is a scale temperature which water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. in a flash for the things that are being tested, A peanut vine is a small oval seed down of South Ameri burn plant, mostly roasted, salted, and eaten as a snack. Also called a one seeded plant, grown on queen-sized farms. A nut is a touchy shelled, one seeded fruit kindred an acorn or hazel nut. You will similarly need to know what a graph is, a graph is a diagram that exhibits a relationship between distinct sets of numbers and items. (http//www. thefreedictionary. com) Many plants and crops are grown organically and inorganically so that mustiness be condoneed too.Organic means that the plants or crops are grown naturally without pesticides and any harmful chemicals. (http//www. thefreedictionary. com) This actually doesnt dissemble the peanut because it is hard shelled and no pests squirt get in. Inorganic means non make with any organic materials at all and is protected with man made items that are not always implemental to the environment. The plants are grown with pesticides and chemicals. Morgan D. Nagatani conducted the same type of experiment in 2002. She thought that the walnut would have the most energy and it did.She stuck the molest into the nut and burned it with a lighter, provided she used a small set instead of a juice can. The walnut did show the highest BTU, with cashew in bite (I did not test the cashew), and the almond in 3rd. These results caused me to be more interested in for walnut . It had the highest in my experiment. This likewise helped me explain BTU, British Thermal Units, and it did affect my experiment. in that location are some things were noticed in the experiment that I learned. The walnut had the most energy out of many different nuts.Also people wanted to know what Joules were and I found that they are also another measurement of energy and heat. Something that I noticed was that when I was testing the layer of the can would turn black, so I needed to know if the soot on the bottom would effect the heat that it gave off, and it did so I had to clean the can after every trial. Many people pass judgment the walnut because of its mass, and it was bec ause it was grown inorganic summing up very large so it can burn longer. In the past experiment the walnut also won the horn in for nut with most energy. It relates to my experiment because it tells me which nut to expect to win.

'Microsoft Word\r'

'JP Morgan Chase, a pecuniary retentivity company which structured with Bank hotshot to expand its operations and market for financial products. Their experiences with outsourcing have been bitter and they are on the hunt for better strategies for managing their IT infrastructure. In rundown to that, back sourcing did not do lots good. It stirred dissatisfaction among employees and senior management.\r\nBoth the decisions, videlicet outsourcing and back sourcing, were a drag in productivity and loss in team spirit for its employees.\r\nThe above paragraph is drafted for explaining the following sustains.\r\nsynonym finder: This option is exercised to know the synonyms of a crabby word and successfully fill in a chosen word with a synonym. It is apply to find substitutes for a given word. For use: A word namely â€Å"merged” can be replaced with compound, f utilize or others.\r\nResearch: It is an option exercised to research the actual text in the document for its confirmation found at Microsoft piazza Online (2007). It is use to review the comments or track changes. brush aside be cited as pseudo buccaneering software that watch overs equivalent denounces with others over the internet.\r\n small-arm check: It is used to check the spell out mistakes in the drafted document and provides options for correcting them. It is a sport which displays several options for the correct spelling and one and only(a) can either replace or ignore the suggested options. It is used for getting the haggling spelled correctly according to US English. For interpreter: If the word â€Å"strategies” was written as â€Å"stratagies”, using the spell check it was possible to replace it with the correct word.\r\nGrammar check: A feature which evaluates the entire line or a part of the line and suggests the possible vanquish sentence which is alphabetically correct. Ernst (2007) states that it is generally used to replace grammatically incor rect sentences or words with correct ones. For example, if the part of the sentence â€Å"Their experiences with outsourcing have been bitter and they are on the lookup for better strategies for managing” was written as â€Å"Their experiences with outsourcing have been bitter and they is on the lookup for better strategies for managing”, then using grammar check it can be corrected.\r\nReferences\r\nErnst P. Mike (2007).Faculty Strategies for\r\nPromoting pupil Learning. See:http://www.csudh.edu/titlev/mswordspellinggrammar.htm, accessed on 24th October 2007.\r\nMicrosoft Office Online (2007), accessed 24th October 2007.\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n'

'Remarks by the First Lady at Education Event Essay\r'

'The legal transfer was held by the commencement exercise brothel keeper, Michelle Obama, at the DC High inculcate as an groomingal until nowt for the sopho more thans. The predominate motif of the savoir-faire is reproduction which is an scope Michelle Obama and her husband, Barack Obama, has spent a lot of era and resources on. posterior on the introduction of the speech she speaks of a finis that her husband has set for America. She tells that it should be the goal of the entire untaught to cast off the higher(prenominal)est proportion of college graduates in the world in 2020. She explains that it is very key because America was subprogram one in college graduates a coevals ago and now they are 12th. After that she changes the point of view on the subject from what it means for USA as a solid ground, to what it means for all(prenominal) single student as an individual and points out that they should do it for their stimulate sake. She mentions that two-th irds of altogether jobs in the country will be requiring some discipline of program line or nurture beyond high naturalise in the prox. She uses her own story as an example and motivating for the students because she faced a lot of obstacles when she was at their age. The sender of the speech is Michelle Obama who is the First bird of the United States.\r\nThe fact that she is the First Lady gives her a lot of ethos, which makes her points and opinions more tried and convincing. Even if she got a lot of ethos as the First Lady her husband, the president, has even more ethos, and when she speaks on behalf of him and his opinions she sort of â€Å"borrows” that ethos. Apart from the ethos Michelle Obama the wishs ofwise uses the two other solicitation forms in her speech. She uses commiseration when she mentions the audience and even the country as â€Å"we.” It appeals to their feelings for the community and even their jingoistic feelings towards their cou ntry. It also shows the students that she is no different from them, when she says â€Å"we” rather of â€Å"you” and â€Å"I” which makes her story about her education much more inspiring. She also uses pathos when she says â€Å"…you all are going to baffle some form of higher education in order to build the attractive of lives that you want for yourselves, good careers, to be adequate to(p) to provide for your family.” By saying that she both appeals to their individual, egoistic feelings and target areas in order to decease a prestigious, lucrative career, which appeals to some people, while the part about providing for your family appeals to the familial feelings which is big for other people.\r\nLastly she uses logos when she says that two-thirds of all jobs will require some training or education in the future because it is obvious for a rationally mentation person that you will have great chances of getting a job if you have a gr eat education. The audience of the speech is the sophomores of the DC High School. That means that she ineluctably to keep the speech comparatively simple, as her audience isn’t very old. As mentioned earlier the speech was held during an educational event. That is the feature of the speech and under that she addresses the topic education. The place of the speech is to motivate the students to continue their education when they have finished high school in order to succeed later in life. Other than the appeal forms she also uses rhetorical language or rhetorical tricks to motivate and convince the students to continue their education. maven of the most important parts of the textual payoff is the goal for 2020 which Barack Obama mentions as the sexual union booster cable goal. This is especially important because Michelle Obama mentions it twice in her speech. She mentions it in the start when she tells about the goal for 2020 and refers to it as the nitrogen maven goal. after on, at the conclusion of the speech, she tells that her college diploma from Princeton University were her in the flesh(predicate) North Star goal.\r\nNorth Star is a simile which shows that people should flip towards their North Star goal even though it seemed to be out of rile, like the wise men did when they were looking for Jesus. The North Star goal is the connection amid the objective for the entire nation and the objective for each individual student, as every student would have to fight to gain ground their personal North Star goal, like Michelle Obama did, to make it practical for the nation to ease up the big North Star goal. another(prenominal) trick that Michelle Obama uses is anaphora. She says â€Å"Plus, I knew I couldn’t afford to go on a bunch of college visits. I couldn’t film a personal tutor. I couldn’t enroll in SAT homework classes.” She uses this anaphora where she repeats the words â€Å"I couldn’t† to point out how umteen obstacles she fought by in order to reach her North Star goal. This should make the students realize that it is possible for everybody to get an education no matter their social background, if just they fight hard for it.\r\nAnother example of anaphora is when she says â€Å"That’s how me, that’s how Menbere, that’s how so many other students have overcome adversities to reach our goals.” That once again makes it go by that everyone stand get an education and that it is very important to get an education that goes beyond high school. Even though the speech is relatively short, it is easy to see that Michelle Obama is an excellent speaker. She uses a wide range of rhetorical tricks and appeal forms to make her messages and opinions about education clear and convincing. She both appeals to the feelings of the individual and the society by using logos, pathos and ethos which makes the speech benevolent to as many people as pos sible. She connects the start and end of the speech with the fibre to the North Star goal which makes the speech more impactful and gives the students something that is easy to remember from the speech.\r\n'

'Human Resource Management Essay\r'

'Abstract\r\nThrough start the age of the course, ser viceman Resource Management, we permit been in certain(p)ly to project and intake HR coifs in insouciant life. This account has been put together bafflement deuce nerve studies and eight chapters from the book, Managing charit open(a) Resources. The devil discipline studies argon ground on capital of Nebraska galvanizing friendship and s push through and throughhwesterly Air delimits, the eight chapters involve chapters 1 and 3 indeed chapters 7 through 12. As a group we put virtuoso across take ined together to prep be to distri exclusivelyively unmatchable polar chapter and we shake up utilize the cases to service develop our witness benignant Resource skills. This paper exit demonst range how as a group we were fitted to relate the case studies to discordent aspects that the gracious Resource kris of products coers.\r\nChapter 1: Managing Human Resources\r\nRead the two cases at the en d of this book regarding capital of Nebraska electric car and southwest Airlines. Then apply Exhibit 1.1 as a guide, puzzle out an illustration that identifies the stakeholders of from from each one one come a atomic number 18ay and projects the relation importance of each stakeholder to each comp whatever. To get along this assignment, you shtup gather your schooling materials in this chapter, the cases at end of the text, and from separate sources, including b argon-assspapers, magazines, the internet, and your protest experience. If you be unable to obtain information you purport is germane(predicate), get hold of assumptions found on your outflank judgment. Note each major(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip) assumptions you chance upon.\r\n souwest Airlines\r\nLets e advertizeate on each stakeholder in much(prenominal) detail. First is suppliers which atomic number 18 Boeing Aircraft, drome, and the fuel companies. Boeing supplies the air throwe that they us which is th e Boeing 737, the airport gates erect income for the social club, and the fuel ships go with of course supplies fuel. With all the una emergency suppliers south-west has to custody them in line with what they be trying to accomplish which is offer the lift out prices to its guests. Competitors be all the airplines at the airport. southwestward has to get word out a counselling to primary(prenominal)tain a pro run across and smooth offer lower or uniform prices at the a nonher(prenominal) airlines. They should always fork oer it off what the competition is doing or offering.\r\nCustomers atomic number 18 stakeholders in that they ar the Shante’ Johnson pack who argon buy the product and without them thither is no business. Employees argon all authorised(p) beca physical exercise they add value to the federation. Employees atomic number 18 resources because they set aside labor and ease with production. in the end the enivornment/communtiy is a stakeholder because south-west has innovations in enquiry to help protect the resources they sire and urinate back to the community. south-west prides itself on organismness socially responsible and has feigne so by charity curriculums, recyling, and going green. They feel that if the community is on their side and accessory of them because they back prosper and be a household name.\r\nThe capital of Nebraska electrical Company\r\nCorporations ex limitingable The capital of Nebraska electric automobile Company atomic number 18 dependent on their customers. If they do non mitigate their consanguinity and offer the initiate(p) for their guest the businesses talent non be as rewardful. The customer makes it likely to for a alliance to reveal its deaths. LEC tantrums it employees as being of importance because they atomic number 18 the heart of the smart set. They maintain production and their public presentation Shante’ Johnson affects the cal ler-out. LEC feels that it pass oning do what is mandatory to make their employees happy so that they netnister hold back producing results. Lastly I feel that LEC set the environs as a stakeholder in that it call fors to come up with practice that testamenting keep the environment safe and clean. They wishing to maintain a healthy environment for the community. They necessitate to post communities in which they be located.\r\nChapter 3: Ensuring Fair Treatment and sanctioned Compliance\r\nA. What evidence exists to demonstrate that each arrangement manages employees cleanly and legally?\r\n southwestern United States Airlines\r\nWhen reading well-nigh southwestern I feel that they parcel out their employees fairly and represent the legal procedures in obtaining their employees. southwestern like most(prenominal) companies value their employees and the flex they do for the beau monde. I found it interesting that southwestern United States renamed its HR se ction the sight subdivision. By ever-changing the name of the HR de breachment shows that they see the signifi chiffonierce in nation and the relationships that are complex with that. The article withal says that south-west puts clock period into hiring and querying applicators. I view that as they just fate the take up for their party and willing use the resources requisiteed to get the silk hat. If that means interviewing 100 community for one trans missionary work line then so be it. If I was applying and k unsanded that they further when want the best and wee measures in organize that shows their support and care for employees I would want to lay down for them.\r\ncapital of Nebraska galvanizing\r\nAt kickoff when reading about LEC I thought they value their employees because they know their employees are the main reason they are able to be succeederful. capital of Nebraska galvanizing recognizes that bills is an aid to employees and knows that by offering an fillip they launch get the go baders to be to a great extent than(prenominal) than booming. They understand that there was to be an sincere relationship amongst employees and private instructors. thither has to be a take of respect for each other. capital of Nebraska electric has HR Objectives that take over-to doe with to its employee; I am going to call three out of quadruple of the objectives send-off is â€Å"to maintain and Shante’ Johnson spread the capital of Nebraska inducement Management philosophy, to recognize quite a little as the familiarity’s most worth(p chromaticicate) asset, and to promote education, education, and learning that broaden employee skills” (Jackson, Schuler, Werner pg 563).\r\nI do non know umteen a(prenominal) companies that book objectives written toss off for their employees. Having objectives in place to be followed by HR personnel is reassuring that they capital of Nebraska elec tric cares about its employees. As I go along to read about the society I found out they submit a low turnover rate, erect now they keep their drawers busy and foc employ on the chore at hand. They alike switch no leisure time and many an(prenominal) do non peck a break. I do not believe that to be fair because if you are organiseing a certain come of hours a daylight you need a break. Also not having time to socialize with others I chiffonier picture the wrickplace being skilful of robots. People clocking in and doing their subscriber lines and then clocking out and going home.\r\nB. be there gild practices at southwest Airlines and/or capital of Nebraska voltaic that you would passel out to be unjust? If so, which ones? Why?\r\nsou-west Airlines\r\nI will be near is was hard predominateing a practice that was unsporting save after really much thought I relegate it unfair that when an applicant is being consider they whitethorn be asked to handle in motility of a self-aggrandizing group of commonwealth. If I am interviewing for a basic course that does not involved a sess of interaction with mess why should intercommunicate in front of a large group be a part of my applicant work. I as well as buzz off it strange that southwesterly will red flag an applicant that is flying in. I understand the idea of seeing how they fashion around others and handle certain situations, but they should overly be notified that they may be watched. I overly do not take on it fair to judge an applicant before you even get to rifleting them. You cannot always take the opinion of others when fashioning important decisions that can affect your confederacy. I do like having others opinions and having them way in, but I do not want them to spy on an applicant.\r\ncapital of Nebraska electric car\r\nShante’ Johnson\r\ncapital of Nebraska galvanising holdd a dialogue of a few interviews they held and it like a shot stood out to me that they were asking questions that are unfair and illegal. I do not find it professional to ask how much notes did you make last course, what did you do with that currency, and how do you feel about joining a married couple (just to name a few). Employers can get into trouble asking those questions because if person is rejected they can sue bottom on the questions they were asked. I to a fault do not think it is fair for focal point to have the authority to cut hours without any notice. Some employees’ livelihood depends on their cable. If their hours are suddenly cut it does not befuddle them time to put other fancys into motion. I excessively feel that it makes the union formulation bad and can bring down employee morale.\r\nChapter 7: Selecting Employees to Fit the Job and the institution Describe, prise, and compare the infusion procedures utilise at these two companies. In preparing your answer, consider the following(a) issues: A. The obj ectives of the selection bear upon.\r\nEach union has a contrary selection turn for telephone line applicants and how the ac caller-up selects its applicants is anomalous. Some companies may not have an intricate selection go; mercifula they just want to drive the absent position. However, this is not the case when south-west Airlines or capital of Nebraska galvanizing selects employees. southwestern United States Airlines believes that invest in recruiting should be a croak priority for their club, and so it has develop the goal to select applicants who will all right into the floriculture that south-west has created instead of just matching a vacant position. southwesterly wants to make sure they are hiring concourse who will be beneficial to the society instead of hiring someone quickly then the unseasoned employee not befit into the square up southwestern United States has created.\r\nIn the case of capital of Nebraska electric automobile, they do t heir selection offset a little diversely. Instead of going out and recruiting for all the kick in positions in spite of appearance the caller capital of Nebraska electric automobile instead plainly when uses outside(a) recruitment in cases of ledger entry direct positions. capital of Nebraska voltaic has clear-cut to fill all other gift tune positions inherently, with those employees who have already been a part of the play along. Since capital of Nebraska is filling most contemplate openings with people already active deep down the bon ton it shows that the alliance believes in the employees it has, and wants to help them grow one at a time as the companion grows as wellspring.\r\nB. The criteria employ\r\nThe criteria used in the selection process of new employees for south-west Airlines and capital of Nebraska Electric differ greatly amongst the two companies. The major criterion used for southwest Airlines is attitude. southwesterly’s selectio n process has unfaltering roots in the attitudes of the farm out applicants. The association has selected 5 key predictors to see if the applicant’s attitude would blend well within southwest. The predictors are: blend of energy, humor, police squad spirit, and self-confidence. It makes sense that sou-west wants to direct employees who would fit into the company culturethat way they can project positive and group work orient attitude is kept within the company.\r\nThe major criterion used for capital of Nebraska Electric for filling positions is establish on in house hiring, except for entry take aim positions. By giving employees notice of the open positions it can help keep the company culture the comparable, and is beneficial to keep employees and discipline them new skills. When the company is able to thatched roof employees new skills it helps build the distinguishable make doncies they get; different competencies can help make an employee much loving to the organisation instead of just one specific job title. This employee then becomes multi-functional. C. The techniques used to assess the competencies of job applicants.\r\n southwestward Airlines and Lincoln Electric have specific hiring techniques to assess the competencies of strength employees. southwesterly uses three distinctive techniques to help figure out who will best fit the dynamic of the company. The first technique used is the person-to-personity test. The personality test helps â€Å"The People Department” get to know job applicants value and what guinea pig of personality he or she has. There are septette traits used: cheerfulness, optimism, decision making skills, aggroup spirit, communication, self-confidence, and self-starter skills. The person being interviewed needs to receive a three or gamyer, on a scale from one to atomic number 23, to transport on to the next stage of the interview process. The next technique used would be the actual int erview. southwest looks to find people with great people skills, matching work experience, and people who are team players.\r\nHiring people without these qualities would be a waste of time, considering that many of the jobs souwest provides have to do with teamwork, mount people have a sweet experience, and experience. The last technique is the most interesting, southwestern wants to make sure they hire people with a great attitude so they have buss jot down anything memorable about the applicant, good or bad, they devote applicants special tickets on their flights so employees will know to observe them and their behavior, and they are to a fault asked to speak in front of groups of people. However, the earreach is also being valued along with the verbaliser; southwesterly wants to see if the audience members are attentive and delivering attention to who is speaking. southwestern United States wants to find people whose attitudes fit in with current employees and the c ulture they’ve built together.\r\n consequently their selection techniques are quite rivet on the job applicant’s attitude and values. Lincoln Electric has kept a constant theme passim their selection process. During the selection process, Lincoln Electric uses current employees to fill open positions; and they are able to find out if employees can take on a new position through the interview process. Lincoln does not use aptitude or psychological interviews; instead they focal point on the personal aspects of the employees. There is a mission that is do up of supervisors and different vice presidents whom interview the different job applicants. Since the interviews are on a more(prenominal) personal level, the committee is looking for the correctperson who can make out the specified tasks and fit in with the new division. Although Lincoln Electric uses the committee to fulfil the interview process, the final selection is unexpended up to the supervisor who i s in stir of the department where the job opening is. D. The unpatterned usefulness of the selection process.\r\nThe effectiveness of some(prenominal)(prenominal) companies selection process has been extremely effective. In the case of souwest Airlines because of the comradely culture close to 90,000 people applied in the past few years. This many applicants can be overwhelming, but since the HR department is committed to notwithstanding hiring those applicants who can fit into the company culture, they only if hired 831 people. ascribable(p) to the specific selection process and the use of different employees from the HR department, four-in-hands, and employees the turnover rate for southwest is little than five percent.\r\nThe employees of the company enjoy their jobs and the culture that they are involved with on a periodic understructure that the employees continue to work for souwest for the long-run. Lincoln Electric’s selection process is as correspo ndingly successful as that of southwestern United States Airlines. Since Lincoln Electric fills openings in-house the company doesn’t experience a high turnover rate. Employees average around 18 years working with the company, and due to the in-house hiring process employees become more satisfied with their work because they are able to develop and run into up in their career path.\r\n move faith in current employees to help build the company from the ground level to top level, put trust in employees and thus employees trust Lincoln more and want to stay with the company longer. E. The roles and responsibilities of line managers, HR professionals, and other employees in each company. Each company has their own unique way of selecting the perfect job applicants to fill the needs of the company, and each company has proved to be successful in the selection process. But without the helpof HR professionals, line managers, and other employees the companies may not have had muc h(prenominal)(prenominal) smooth sailing. souwest Airlines makes sure to take every level of employees to help shoot new employees through their selection process. The HR professionals, or the â€Å"People Department”, work to set up and organize the different interviews and where they will be held, the HR professionals also distinguish what qualities are important to the company culture for job applicants to be able to fit in. Line managers and employees are also involved, they are able to interact and speak with job applicants.\r\nBy sou-west involving line managers and employees in the selection process, it shows how important the company culture is to the company. Having the line managers and employees involves also allows them to help select future employees that they will have to interact with on a daily buttocks. Lincoln Electric also involves HR professionals, line managers, and employees in the selection process. The HR professionals post the job openings on an i nternal job board and set up the interviews that will be conducted to find the re demand applicant. Line managers are involved in the selection process through interviews, and they eventually have the final decision in who is hired to work in their department.\r\nEmployee involution is probably the most important part of the selection process. Employees are important because if they are not actively involved in applying for the open positions Lincoln Electric would not be able to fill the open job positions. Having the employees involved with filling the job positions is crucial to keeping the company on task and not having a lot of turnover. Chapter 8 †Training and Developing a Competitive Workforce A. For which company is teaching and suppuration more important? In the case of Lincoln Electric and Southwest Airlines there is one company who puts more vehemence on education than the other. Southwest deeply involves new employees into the indoctrinateing process much mo re than Lincoln Electric. In the production area of Lincoln Electric the employees are given on-the-job instruct that is over a curt time period, and they are then expected to coiffe their duties correctly. When it comes to sales jobs they receive on-the-job teach at a plant, then they go to a regional sales military post and receive more tuition art object they are working. Lincoln Electric does not provide or stick out for away provision, unless there is a specific need for the immaterial train.\r\nEven though Lincoln Electric does not spend a great deal of time with study, Southwest does. Southwest places a large strain on employees fitting in to their work culture so the company provides immense training in all aspects the employees will be involved in. There are seven different areas that new employees are trained in when entering the Southwest team. The areas embroil: Freedom-LUV-and You, Leadership 101, Leadership Southwest Style, Next Level Leadership, Pow er Speak, winning Performance Appraisals, and Every Customer Matters. different Lincoln, Southwest encourages employees to take full receipts of outside training whenever they can. Not only does Southwest train employees in their own respective fields, but they also train employees on the jobs of other employees who they will be working closely with.\r\nThis slipwrite of training helps employees understand and meliorate relate to those who they will be working with on a regular basis. Southwest provides an enormous amount of training for new employees, but they also continue development and training for animated employees as well. formerly a year all employees are requisite to observe training programs that help reiterate the coverd out values throughout the company. B. Describe how the training and development activities in both companies are related to other HR activities. The training and development activities at Lincoln Electric also relate to other Human Resource activities that are involved within the company. The main human resource insurance policy that fits well with the training and development of Lincoln Electric employees are the work assignments. The decoctsing teams at Lincoln Electric have the power to change or enrapture the work assignments of current employees. In order to keep up with the changing of work assignments the training process cannot be lengthy.\r\nThe training that employees receive is on-the-job, so if a work assignment changes they are able to be taught quickly on what their new responsibilities will be. In a company like Lincoln Electric the needs of consumers may change and having the ability to move doers assignments and provide sufficient on the job training helps the company keep up with the changing external factors the company faces. The training and development activities at Southwest Airlines are in direct correlation with their hiring and selection process. Southwest works particularly hard to find employees who exhibit the properly attitude, who will fit in, and demonstrate the qualities that are important to the company culture.\r\nSince the time is spent to find the best employees to fit in, the company wants to invest into training them properly to become part of the Southwest team. The training Southwest provides its new employees is an file name extension of their selection process. Southwest does not hire employees just to fill positions accordingly the company wants to invest in the new hires to stretch out their abilities and qualities. Not only does Southwest want to connect the selection process to training and development for new employees, but training continues for existing employees too. Existing employees are back up to do outside training to improve their skills and knowledge. The company also requires a yearbook training session to make sure that everyone is still operating with the same shared values throughout the company. The values in the training a re the same values that the employees shared with Southwest Airlines from the time of their selection.\r\nChapter 9 †Conducting Performance Management\r\nA. Compare Lincoln Electric and Southwest Airlines with respect to the major purposes of surgical process mensuration and feedback. Which institution seems to be more bear on with traits? With behavior? With results? What uses does effect criterion serve in these two companies?\r\nPerformance measurements and feedback are vital to the success and knowledge of Lincoln Electric and Southwest Airlines. Each company uses accomplishment measurement tools to help gage the employees’ military operation and where there is room for progress. The capital punishment measurement Lincoln Electric uses is secondaryd on a great deal of results and how the employees are acting their jobs and designated tasks. Employees and managers are evaluated on different terms. Employees are evaluated twice a year, and their mathematica l process principles overwhelm: tone, dependability, ideas and cooperation, and output. Managers are evaluated on six different competencies: leadership/ self-control, decision making and judgment, results orientation, teamwork/ committedness, tincture and customer centralise, and creativity/innovation.\r\nWhen it comes to feedback managers at Lincoln Electric discuss the death penalty get ahead with employees and if necessary will provide recommendations. Once a year the company provides feedback based on operation and will also assist in murder betterment and development. Southwest Airlines focuses on results, but their main concern for employees is based on their traits and behavior. Southwest strives to have excellent customer service, as a result employees murder is deliberate on how well they are playing their jobs and handling the customer service aspect. The performance measures used help with building team cooperation instead of enticing competition between diff erent departments.\r\nWhen managers evaluate employees, especially regarding customer service, they have to provide documentation of the events and how the employee performed. The manager cannot just give an outstanding set without regarding actual events that took place. Southwest Airlines contributes feedback to what they call â€Å" winsome feedback”. â€Å"It celebrates successes, it lets people know how they’re doing, but it’s also honest”(Jackson, Schuler, and Werner, 2012). The feedback constitution for Southwest has two different objectives; first is the metrics level and second is the conversation, people to people level.\r\nThe performance measurements used for both companies reflect the performance of employees and commission. However, Lincoln Electric focuses more on the results that employees receive from their ratings. Lincoln Electric does use the performance measurements to influence, whether it is an axerophthollify or reduction, in merit present and the decisions of inducementes for employees. Not only do the results of the performance measurement affect if an employee receives merit throw or a bonus, the company uses the evaluations to nail down warranty claim chores. In the case of a warrant claim the manager can trace the claim to the lease employee error made. When this happens the employee’s performance home run may be reduced, or the worker may be required to concede the follow of servicing the warranty claim by working without contribute (Jackson, Schuler, and Werner, 2012).\r\nSouthwest Airlines truly uses their performance measurement and feedback agreement to focus on the traits and behaviors of the employees. They want to show employees they value their work, and give them feedback that helps. Due to how concerned Southwest is to give employees a meaningful experience, employees would earlier hear prohibit feedback and performance ratings than hearing nothing at all. At least b y hearing the negative feedback they have something to work towards and improve on to make themselves better. B. For Lincoln Electric, how well do the performance criteria fit the company’s strategic objectives? Identify any potential sources of deficiency and contamination in the company’s performance measures.\r\nFor the most part Lincoln Electric fulfills two out of the four HR Objectives that the company has deemed to be important. Those two are: to maintain and flesh out the Lincoln Incentive Management Philosophy and To maintain an affirmative action program, and provide employees with opportunities for advancement commensurate with their abilities and performance regardless of race, religion, national origin, sex, age, or disability (Jackson, Schuler, and Werner, 2012). There are two other objectives that I do not believe Lincoln Electric is taking enough favour of when victimization their performance criteria. Two objectives admit: recognizing people as the company’s most semiprecious asset and promoting the training, education, and development to broaden the employee skills. Lincoln Electric only provides on-the-job training and they do not cave in for or encourage outside training, unless the need is absolutely necessary.\r\nNot only do they only offer on-the-job training, when performance results are released twice a year, the employees only receive coaching and performance improvement development once a year. Lincoln Electric should at least offer the coach and performance improvement instantly after each performance evaluation and feedback term. By not investing in the training and education of employees they are not fulfilling that particular objective. Also, when an employee’s performance is bad, management punishes the employee instead of taking the time to find out what went wrong in the making of an item. There might have been something the employee didn’t understand. Not taking the time to discuss a nd figure the source of the issues doesn’t show that Lincoln sees people as the company’s most valuable asset. Especially, when a mistake happens, their performance create is reduced and they have to fix the problem without receiving lucre.\r\nC. Compare the sources of performance information used at Lincoln Electric and Southwest Airlines. Would you recommend that these physical compositions use 360-degree appraisals? Why or why not? Each company has a different way of evaluating their employees to find out how they performing and if they need any help or training. When looking at the sources of how Southwest evaluates their employees’ performance I do not think they need to use 360-degree appraisals. The company focuses different aspects that affect the employees mortalisticly and what teams they are a part of incarnately. Southwest’s â€Å"performance management also reflects how we value our employees”(Jackson, Schuler, and Werner, 2012). Southwest effectively measures the performance of employees and the teams they are on, this pillow slip of performance measurement promotes cooperation between employees instead of employees trying to compete to be the best.\r\nSouthwest prides itself on teamwork, so when something goes wrong it isn’t just one undivided’s fault, the company examines what different departments were effected to make this problem, and as a team they fix the problem. When examining the performance measurements of Lincoln Electric, I do believe that the company could benefit from implementing 360-degree appraisal performance measurement. Lincoln Electric employees are evaluated by their department manager, and employees help establish the goals that the managers are performance evaluations are based on. 360-degree appraisals would be able to give employees and managers more evaluations to work with. This reference of appraisals uses supervisors, subordinates, peers, and employees to eva luate performance. The people chosen to evaluate the employee or manager are not random every, they are people who work with the employee on a regular basis and who know how well this individual does with his or her job.\r\nWhen Lincoln Electric is only using a manager to evaluate the employees, the manager may be bias and not give each employee a fair evaluation. However, when using 360-degree appraisals it is hard for one individual to sway the evaluation when there are multiple people working to evaluate the employee properly. â€Å"Multiple-source evaluations are perceived as being more fair, reliable, and valid than single-source addresses”(Jackson, Schuler, and Werner, 2012). The 360-degree appraisal process may benefit Lincoln Electric when fulfilling their HR objective of recognizing people as the company’s most important asset as well. By having more than one person involved with the performance measurements, employees may gain a better since of how important they are to the company overall.\r\nChapter 10: Developing an Approach to radical fee\r\nThe purpose of an organization’s meat stipend is to provide sufficient incentive and fruition to attract and retain the right people for the right positions within the organization and for those hired, to keep engaged within the organization and perform at their best ability. It has been proved that by having the right â€Å"employee fit” will improve motivation and productiveness, resulting ultimately in a more content manpower and increased retention and advance. Establishing a solidness and warring integrality recompense case contributes to employee retention, which happens to be one of the sterling(prenominal) â€Å"concerns of employers today, with 59 percent of those surveyed worried about losing their best employees to competitors and 67 percent concerned about the difficulty of finding skilled labor.” (Taylor, 2013)\r\nTotal recompense not only refers to an employee’s payment, benefits, and other pecuniary respects, it also factors in non-monetary rewards as well. There are four strategic objectives, trussed directly to summarise requital that should be considered when establishing an organization’s append fee. These include: 1) Attracting, motivating, and retaining the talent required for a sustainable competitory payoff; 2) Focusing the energy of employees on implementing the organization’s particular war-ridden system; 3) Improving productivity; and 4) Cost containment. (Jackson, Schuler, &type A; Werner, 2012) 1. Compare and contrast the two companies on the following:\r\na. The objectives of their complete fee practices\r\nAs communicated in Lincoln Electrics Employees’ Handbook (Lincoln Electric Company), as well as in the text case study (Jackson, Schuler, & axerophthol; Werner, 2012), Lincoln Electric’s allowance practice is premium total compensation for premium overall performance. â€Å"The key elements of premium total compensation are base pay and bonus. Premium performance is your individual performance as well as Lincoln Electric’s performance. When you action or exceed your goals and the Company views or exceeds its business goals, the result is premium total compensation for premium overall performance.” (Lincoln Electric Company) The company’s objective is to â€Å"reward employees through recognition, pay for performance, and by share-out net lucre with incentive bonus compensation based on extraordinary proceeding as a means of motivation.” (Jackson, Schuler, & angstrom unit; Werner, 2012) Base pay for Lincoln’s employees is persistent by salary surveys alike(p) to the salaries of correspondent jobs in the Cleveland area, comparing externally as well as internally, through job evaluation and adjusting quarterly to chink the salaries remain aligned accordingly.\r\nJob evaluation and continuous/ comparative round is important to the organization’s position confederation and the employees’ total compensation. Base pay can be earned by either piecework pay, hourly pay or salary pay dependent on the type of position and classification of the job within the organization. In addition to the base pay received, Lincoln’s eligible employees have the opportunity to receive a portion of the company’s yearbook avails as incentive bonuses. These year-end profit sharing bonuses are proportional to the individual’s merit scores. The Board of Directors determines if there will be a bonus payout and dictates the amount to be distributed. It will only be give out if the company was able to earn a profit for the year. The individual pay outs and employee shares are based on the individuals’ pay and performance during the year.\r\nA successful year for the company results in a shared portion of its success with the employees, rewarding them for t heir part in earning the profit. Southwest Airlines overall objective of their compensation program is â€Å"to promote and reward productivity and committal to the overall success of the Company and to thereby also support the company’s overarching objective of attaining reasonable shekels on a logical basis and preserving job security. The development of a more performance-oriented compensation structure is intended to support and pay back the factors management believes are most relevant to the company’s success.” (Commission, 2011) Southwest’s employees’ total compensation is sex actly alike to other airlines, given the nature of the type of labor required of the constancy. Labor embody account for 35% of Southwest’s overall expenses, with 83% of these positions falling into, and controlled by, collective bargaining agreements (union positions).\r\nAlthough Southwest’s base pay structure has been at or below the market and operates in an industry where other entities dominate the bargaining power, this low-fare/no-frills(prenominal) airline has kept up(p) a productive custody through its total compensation offerings of â€Å"numerous opportunities to share in company success through variable pay programs, including profit sharing and a short letter leverage plan.” (Jackson, Schuler, & vitamin A; Werner, 2012, p. 579) Given Southwest’s continuous success over the years, these offerings of lucrative buyout plans to highly compensated employees and different variable pay programs, such as profit sharing and farm animal bargain for plans have been extremely winsome to its workforce. Allowing and load-bearing(a) their employees to do what is necessary to satisfy the customer, empowers and motivates them, resulting in a greater level of job happiness and retention, therefore, increased customer mirth and company earnings.\r\nThe profit sharing plan offered by Southwest was the first of its miscellany in the airline industry and is directly tied to a defined parcel plan, encouraging a long-term role relationship with its employees. Owning approximately 80% of the company’s inventorying, employees also recognize the profits of Southwest’s crease purchase plan, offered to them only at a discounted stock share rate. â€Å"Their monetary gains are closely tied to the company’s financial future.” (Jackson, Schuler, & adenylic acid; Werner, 2012, p. 587) In addition to the above express company’s total compensation offerings, Southwest Airlines also uses recognitions to reward their employees. â€Å"The awards in these programs and others are given to employees who perform at a high level consistent with Southwest’s outline and culture, and they can come in the form of plaques, monetary payments, photos taken during the awards ceremony, photos of the award winner with the CEO, and mentioned in the company newsletter. ” (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 587)\r\nb. The role of total compensation in achieving a emulous payoff\r\nLincoln achieves a free-enterprise(a) advantage through its piecework pay, shared scratch incentive bonuses, as well as job security and reassured employment. These elements gave Lincoln employees a sense of ownership in the company. The company’s goal was fulfilling the customer’s needs and therefore, recognized that â€Å"employee performance and productivity are the means by which this goal can best be achieved”. This tactile sensation led to the company’s commitment that â€Å"the earnings of each must(prenominal) be in accordance with accomplishment. If bills is to be used as an incentive, the program must provide that what is paid to the worker is what he has earned.” (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 562) This company attitude and total compensation plan empowered its workforce to work harder and smarte r; resulting in little to no employee turnover, employee compensation that is almost twice that of other comparable job families in the same Cleveland area, and a workforce that sees themselves as part of an organization with executives and leadership that takes care of its employees.\r\nIn some ways similar to Lincoln, Southwest Airlines maintains its competitive advantage through its compensation of base salary, profit sharing and stock purchase plans, as well as, short/long term incentives and yearbook incentive bonuses. As promoted by Southwest’s website â€Å"Our people are our single greatest strength and most enduring long-term competitive advantage.” (Kelly, 2014) In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors, a firm must have the ability to obtain/sustain winnings/benefits that exceed the average for others within its industry. As verbalise earlier, Southwest was â€Å"the first to innovate a profit sharing plan in the airline industry.â⠂¬Â (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 586) another(prenominal) strategic business initiative and employment that contributed to the company’s competitive advantage was through the introduction of the 10-year aviate baffle agreement of 1995. Specifically, during the first five years, the pilot wages would not change, then five years following, the pilots got the stock option of the company and annual salary would increase by 3 %. â€Å"This kind of salary strategy combined sparing interests of the pilot with the interests of the shareholders of the company (if share prices rise, both sides would profit), so the company added value.\r\nItalso helped southwest airlines to provide tourists frequently and economic flight to tourist, and won the competition advantage. This kind of salary strategy is hard to be imitated by competitors.” (Zheng, 2012) c. The pay miscellany and employee’s receptions to the pay mix\r\nAs tell earlier, the pay mix for Linco ln Electric consists of base wages (piecework pay, hourly pay and salary pay) and bonuses. The piecework system adopted by Lincoln Electric is based on some fundamental principles including: 1) Rewards employee for what is done rather than for how much time is spent on the job (more productive employees who meet quality standards = greater compensation than those who are less productive); 2) Changes in piecework prices will be made as changes in equipment, method, layout, procedure, tooling, design or materials are made; 3) Group piecework is interdependent, and the cost of the job is limited by the stymie or the slowest operation in the line; 4) All Lincoln employees guarantee their quality and workmanship; 5) Pieceworkers are paid only for production that meets Lincoln’s quality standards. Production of scrap or defective parts will be taken into account during merit rating.\r\n periodic and salaried employees’ base pay is determined by means of â€Å"benchmarkingà ¢â‚¬Â, comparing the base pay for a sampling of jobs at Lincoln to the base pay of similar jobs in other companies of the same industry. â€Å"The bonus plan has been the cornerstone of the Lincoln management system, and recent bonuses have approximated annual wages. Bonuses have averaged about 90 percent of annual wages and the individual bonuses are proportional to merit rating scores.” (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 560 & 570) Lincoln Electric’s employees’ reaction to the pay mix of the company is very supportive and positive. Based on five employee interviews, all five denotative their cheer with the compensation received. Each of the employee’s interviewed declare that their salaries exceeded those of employees in similar jobs within the Cleveland area, considering themselves better off(predicate) and better off financially due to their positions with Lincoln Electronic.\r\nMost also stated that the greatest advantage of working for Lincoln was the compensation or the amount of money they can make (base, incentives/bonuses, stock dividends). They mentioned that they â€Å"didn’t believe they could make this type of money anywhere else”. As mentioned previously, most of the employees in the airline industry are union employees, controlled by bargaining units and union contracts. In addition to the hourly base pay employees (typically at or below market), Southwest’s pay mix also offers opportunities to share in the company through variable pay programs (profit sharing and stock purchase plans). Mentioned previously, this mix has proven attractive by employees, as well as competitors, with attempts of mimicking in the airline industry. Unlike many of its competitors, however, Southwest is a low-fare, no-frill airline. Rewards and/or perks such as cars, club memberships, etc., are not awarded to the company officers at Southwest, maintaining lower be to the company and ultimately higher p rofits to be shared.\r\nAlthough this pay mix has maintained attractive for many years, its future is alleged(prenominal) due to the acquisition and future desegregation of AirTran. I am not certain that this lean airline machine will be able to continue to remain as â€Å"lean” and profitable as they have been given the competitiveness and external threats of this industry. 2. Which approach to compensating employees would you pick out? Why? The compensation structure I find more desirable would be that similar to the pay mix exercised by Lincoln Electronic. Although I believe it is dependent on the type of industry you are in, I prefer a compensation plan or structure with more internal controls. I find the Lincoln pay mix to be one of which there are more â€Å"internal controls” over. As a manager, I believe it also encourages a more team-centric approach to the workforce and empowers employees at all levels to push themselves and to be responsible for the comp ensation they receive. The Lincoln Electrics plan allows its employees to be part of the big picture, a more wholesome donation approach and one of which is always looking at improve the process and making a better product overall.\r\nGiven the employees level of contribution and sense of ownership, there seems to also be a higher level of fealty and pride, pushing their capabilities to the limit…benefiting everyone in the end. Chapter 11: Using Performance-Based Pay to Achieve strategical Objectives 1. Compare and contrast the approaches to performance-based pay used by Lincoln Electric and Southwest Airlines. Overall, which plan do you think is more effective? Why? Lincoln Electric’s compensation approach is predominantly based on employees’ performance. Employees’ rewards are hard monetary in nature (i.e., annual bonuses/incentives based on piecework). As express by many interviewed, the harder and more effectual you work, the greater the pay an d/or incentives awarded. Employees’ salaries are directly impacted by their level of performance. Although Southwest Airlines does reward their employees based on their performance, most of the rewards received are non-monetary and company culture driven. Some of non-monetary rewards identified include luncheons, plaques, photos taken with VPs, making mention of success in the company newsletter, etc.\r\nThe ultimate objective of Southwest’s performance-based recognition is to â€Å"create a sense of family and mission”. (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 582) Based on my review of the successes from each of these companies in their respective industries, I would conclude that each plan is effective, relative to their performance in their industry. To determine which performance-based plan is more effective, I believe consideration needs to be given to the type of industry and employee it is load-bearing(a). The effectiveness determined is also affected by how their employees perceive and/or measure their level of job joy. Obviously, Lincoln attracts a compensation-driven workforce (i.e., sales), while Southwest attracts more cohesive and cooperative relationships between employee groups that seek to be recognized in public and through other means than only monetary sources.\r\n2.Lincoln Electric is gradually moving toward using a more tralatitious approach to pay, putting less emphasis on earnings at risk. What strategic objectives would lead the company to conclude that a more handed-down approach to pay may be more effective than their present practices? A more traditional approach to pay would be more effective for Lincoln Electronic as they continue to become more global and publically owned. As Lincoln’s interest in globalization continues to grow, so does the need for additional funding and profits to support this expansion. This reallocation requirement of profits, soon used to pay bonuses and incentives to e mployees, therefore supports the changed focus toward global expansion. As the public ownership of Lincoln continues to grow, their focus needs to expand beyond that of just the employees and begin to include all stakeholders, of which are contributing to the successful expansion of the organization.\r\nChapter 12: Providing Benefits and Services\r\n1. What are the objectives of each company’s approach to benefits and run? Lincoln Electric’s benefit program includes several components to include a retreat annuity program, 401(k) plan, stock purchase plan, flexible benefits program, medical, dental, life & disability programs, as well as flexible spending and health savings accounts. An additional benefit offered by the company includes a paid vacation during the company’s seasonal shutdown, regardless of the employees’ tenure with the company. Based on no layoffs since WWII, as well as comments noted by the interviews in the case study, employees fee l a sense of job security, loyalty and satisfaction to Lincoln Electric and the benefits and go the company offers. The objective of their benefits and run is to offer an attractive and beneficial plan to their employees, maintaining competitive advantage and employee retention, resulting in a more see and tenured staff.\r\nMore challenging to that of Lincoln’s approach to benefits and service is the benefits and services offered by Southwest Airlines. Due to their focus to provide a more employee-centric benefits big bucks, continually surveying their employees to determine what their employees value, they have employ a flexible plan that allows the company to change as frequently as needed to maintain its attractiveness to top applicants in a competitive industry, as well as retain their valuable employees, â€Å"their most valuable asset”. Southwest’s objective in â€Å"hiring the best people and knowing how to find…and treat them” (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 577) requires a solid, attractive and competitive benefits big bucks, including job security, in an industry that is not typically known to be competitive in this area.\r\n2. How well do the benefits and services portions serve the business objectives and the needs of the employees? Which package would you prefer? Explain why. Although the benefits and services package offered to Lincoln Electric’s employees is satisfactory and competitive to other similar companies, the interviews held expressed the employees’ main reason for job satisfaction rests with the compensation package, with minimal comments regarding the benefits offered. Southwest employees, however, have experienced and expressed a greater level of satisfaction with the benefits and services offered by their employer. Having a broader, more wide-range of offerings in their benefits package to full-time and part-time employees, it allows the company to meet its objective i n attracting the best applicants and feel for for their most valuable asset…its people.\r\nAlthough both benefits and services packages offered by Lincoln and Southwest provide excellent job security, I would personally prefer the package offered by Lincoln, as opposed to Southwest. Southwest may offer a more employee lucky and focused benefits package, however, its flexibility and potential for change seems more appropriate for a younger workforce that has not yet constituted loyalty to their employer, with the intention of long-term employment. Therefore, as a middle aged employee myself, my benefits focus and interest lies with a package that can offer more long-term and invariable incentives such as employee stock purchase and pension plans, as well as a promising and reliable retirement plan.\r\n3. Could Southwest Airlines adopt the approach to benefits and services used at Lincoln Electric? If so, what would be the advantages and disadvantages for Southwest Airline s of adopting this approach? Be sure to consider how various stakeholders would be affected by such a change. I would not suggest nor support Southwest Airlines adopting the benefits and services packages used by Lincoln Electric. Southwest gains their competitive advantage in their industry through their benefits package, whereas Lincoln does so through their compensation package. Therefore, my reasons supporting the lack of confidence in Southwest’s adoption of like benefits and services to Lincoln’s is because I don’t feel that Southwest’s compensation package is as beardown(prenominal) as Lincoln’s in their respective industries.\r\nBy adopting a similar benefits and services package as Lincoln’s, Southwest may lose their competitive advantage for attracting top talent. Additionally and as stated earlier, Lincoln’s benefit package is geared toward retention and catered to a tenured workforce, which is not the objective of Southwe st Airlines. The need to continually bring young, nimble and new talent into the firm requires an employee friendly and flexible plan that is focused more on short term advantages and offerings, as opposed to long-term. â€Å"Southwest seeks to reduce labor costs” (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p. 579) and by doing so, implementing a strong, attractive, but flexible benefits and services plan allows them to meet this reduced labor cost objective, while continuing to bring in new talent and maintain their company’s goal to remain a low-fare, no-frill airline.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nCommission, U. S. (2011). Definitive Proxy assertion †Southwest Airlines Co. Washington DC: Southwest Airlines Co. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., & Werner, S. (2012). Managing Human Resources. Mason, OH: South-Western. Kelly, G. (2014). Southwest.com. Retrieved from About Southwest: https://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/ Lincoln Electric Company. (n.d.). Employeesâ€⠄¢ Handbook. Lincoln Electric Company †The Welding Experts. Human Resource Services. Retrieved from www.lincolnconnect.com/pdfs/wise/employee_handbook.pdf Taylor, T. C. (2013, November 12). compensation Today. Retrieved from communication Total Compensation to Employees in a Meaningful Way: http://www.payscale.com/compensation-today/2013/11/communicating-total-compensation-to-employees-in-a-meaningful-way Zheng, F. (2012). explore on Enterprise Competitive emolument Based on the Total Compensation Strategy. Communications in Information intuition and Management Engineering, 28-29.\r\n'

'Delivering five hours\r'

'Utilizing the variety of dominance equipment as a means of facilitating the formation of the department. Participating in workshops to improve my talent to maintain the postgraduateest direct of lordism at heart the organization. Delivering five dollar bill hours of instruction and spending three surplus hours on performing interrogation and implementing prep methods to help officials gain a get around spirit of the language. New Neighbors Education circle around Alexandria, VA From: Oct. 2007 †Mar. 2008 place: Executive attendantMaintained bear downs, updated company’s website and database, and proofread correspondence; created electronic turn on system with a simplified interface and ease of access; assisted the theater director and members of Board in the public presentation of day by day tasks. Managed the major donors’ mailing list, the drafting and progeny of thank you letters and the conduction of question for semipolitical program development. Supervised righteousness assistants, including those functional to perform the duties of mailing, database entry, payroll, bring orders, budgeting and some other monetary tasks U. S.Department of State National remote personal melody Training Center Arlington, VA From: Jan 2006 †Sept 2007 placement: Culture Instructor and Curriculum Developer trained U. S. Foreign Service embassy personnel in the body politics of language and ending; personnel include ambassadors and other get together States officials assigned to Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo. demonstrable strategic methods for teaching language and culture for augmentation of the existing curriculum Berlitz Language work Vienna, VA From: Jan 2003 †Dec 2005 vista: Administrative Assistant/Sales AgentRepresented Berlitz Language Services as a salesperson at unionized conferences, meetings with clients for the purpose of developing marketing and short and/or long-term language program promot ional deals; draw offd a front way and administered secretarial support to the Director and sales supply Paul’s wholesale Co. Washington DC From: Jan 2001 †Dec 2002 Position: Administrative Assistant Managed the processing, filing, shipping and redirect examination procedures affiliated with customers’ orders, maintaining an effective administrative system. supranational Rescue Committee (IRC)Shkoder, Albania From: Sept 1999 †Nov 2000 Position: Office Manager Monitored IRC projects of rehabilitated refugee impacted sites and service, ensuring their handiness and readiness to handle the many another(prenominal) Kosovo refugees. Facilitated and liaise numerous meetings and workshops with the whitethornor’s office, community leaders, NGOs and other entities involved in political, brotherly or human beingitarian projects. Worked closely with refugee organizations to concur a list of hosts from contacts in inappropriate NGOs in Albania, allow ing for the timely completion of the $ calciferol thousand rehabilitation project.Managed the daily office tasks; monitored and set up project procurement and logistics; coordinated and conducted interviewing and hiring of personnel. ECOM / MALTESER Shkoder, Albania From: Nov 1998 †Aug 1999 Position: Administrative Assistant help and supported Kosovo refugees in Albania, resulting in a smooth transition of the refugees to their own plain; administered the logistics and distribution of medication and other look to minister to the needs of the refugees. Provided interpretive services and assisted in refugee cases that needed immediate attention. Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) May 1998 †Nov 1998Tirana, Albania Assistant to the Director, Secretary, and Logistician Managed a picky office schedule, which extended to the coordination of travel logistics; conducted trainings in particular fields of expertise; theorise data collection instruments, such as su rveys and questionnaires, to facilitate look into into many aspects of the political situation of the region Aided the efforts of a team dedicated to reviewing laws and advising local Albanian governance entities concerning humanitarian activities; provided support and research information for weekly security briefings on the latest developments in the country and the live ones.REFERENCES: Supervisors may be contacted and other professional references are available upon request KSA’S: PROGRAM ANALYST/PROGRAM medical specialist/CONTRACT SPECIALIST Knowledge My tweak level training in Government, right and Public Policy has given me a vast array of theoretical fellowship concerning the legal and functional aspects of the government and its policies. My friendship and determine has in addition extended to the area of performing legal research in foreign countries and the administration of duties connect to the guidance of refugees.Having had several long time of exp erience as an assistant to the director and other executives, I gift garnered comprehensive intimacy of the areas of disdain administration concerned with budgeting and logistics. I commit besides been exposed to the formulation of research instruments such as questionnaires and surveys that have aided in the collection of citizen data. I am also thoroughly familiar with Albanian language and culture, having served for more than two years indoors three humanitarian organizations in Albania.I understand the methods connected with training high officials in the utilisation of language and the understanding of culture within foreign countries. I also have knowledge of the procedures and practices connected with operation within Federal Offices of the United States Government. This includes an understanding of the emergency management procedures essential in times of disaster or distress. Finally, I have technical knowledge of several computer applications used for parole proces sing, graphic manipulation, data entry, and data mining.Skills My administrative skills have been demonstrated by the many administrative positions I have held. They have been utilized during the period I worn out(p) in Albania, when I was in criminate of performing essential office duties, as hale as procurement and other logistic procedures. I am also highly skilled in the use of both English and Albanian. In Shkoder, Albania, I demonstrated the skill of monitoring IRC projects, which were instituted for the appropriate handling of the onslaught of Kosovo refugees.I am also skilled in mediation with government and other official organizations within foreign countries, as I was in bear down of facilitating a number of meetings among the Mayor’s office, NGO’s and leaders within the community. I have also acted as an interpreter between Kosovo refugees and Albanian/American personnel, and I have been exposed to the writ of execution and translation of legal resear ch in the Albanian environment. Furthermore, I have worked within the U. S. Department of State National Foreign Affairs Training Center, gaining hands-on experience teaching the language and culture of Albania to the American personnel.I have also had experience and the stake to portray skill in conducting administrative business in the private sector. Abilities As a person who has been exposed to business administration and communication at the diplomatic level, I have the ability to croak strong with government officials and other members of staff within any organization. I am able to perform duties related to human resource management and development, as I have trained high level officials in the proper performance of their duties in the Albanian environment.I work very well under pressure, as has been exemplified by my performance to a high level of potentiality in the political climate of east Europe. I am also well able to perform the administrative functions related to program analysis, as I am adept in the handling of file maintenance (including electronic files), website/database updating, payroll, and mailings. I am also able to draft correspondence, manage budgets and perform the duties related to procurement and supply/inventory management.\r\n'

'Development of optical nanoelectronics Essay\r'

'Nanotechnology has become more advance(a) in recent years. This made mathematical the development of visual nanoelectronics. visual nanocircuits father been the focus of recent researches because of its superior advantages all over the alive electronic circuits. They offer high-velocity transmission of data, high bandwidth, and even miniaturization of circuit elements. and optical nanocircuits, operational in the optical frequencies, are not solely based on the animate circuit theory that has been the foundation of the existing Microwave circuits.\r\nTheory of Electromagnetics moldiness be deeply analyzed and across-the-board to understand how optical nanocircuits work. In microwave oven circuits, resistors, inductors and capacitors flowerpotister be modeled apply lumped elements. The changes in electromagnetic field at bottom the electronic components are quasi-static in nature. This bringing close together also holds true for optical nanocircuits. In order to pre serve the quasi-static nature of the elements, the dimensions of the components assume to be tinier than the wavelength. This has been possible because of the advancement of nanotechnologies.\r\nBut the problem in the optical frequencies is the behaviour and response of the metallic and non-metallic components. At optical frequencies, metals tend to show plasmonic resonance, which causes the permittivity of the existent to turn in a negative real quality. Since metals fag out’t show the property of conductivity at optical frequencies, Conduction actual is not the main underway menstruation thru the metal. Displacement current is dominant current flowing thru the metals at optical frequencies. This shift current is greatly affected by the permittivity of the somatic used.\r\nThe characteristics of the permittivity of the material determine whether the material acts as a nanoinductor, a nanocapacitor, or a nanoresistor. If the real part of the permittivity of the mat erial is positive, the material acts as a nanocapacitor. On the other hand, if the real part is negative, it acts as a nanoinductor. Materials have nanoresistance when the imaginary part of the permittivity of the material is not equal to zero. These nanoelements base also be used to cognize nanofilters. Existing ideas using resistors, inductors, and capacitors to shape lowpass, highpass, and bandpass filters can also be used to create nanofilters.\r\nDepending on the connections of the nanoelements, nanofilters can be constructed. Nanoinductors, nanocapacitors and nanoresistors can be connected in all series or parallel to disclose the necessary nanofilter. A sample of optical nanocircuit is shown in the image below. Figure 1. credit of optical nanocircuit. (Engheta, Science 2007. )\r\nReferences:\r\nAlu, A. , Salandrino, A. , & Engheta, N. Parallel, Series, and liaise Interconnections of Optical Nanocircuit Elements, Part 2: Nanocircuit and personal Interpretation. Uni verstiy of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Retrieved November 15, 2008 from http://arxiv.org/pdf/0707. 1003. pdf Engheta, N. , SAlandrino, A. , & Alu, A. (2004). Circuit Elements at Optical Frequencies : Nano-inductors, Nano-capacitors, and Nano-resistors. Universtiy of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Retrieved November 15, 2008 from http://arxiv. org/pdf/cond-mat/0411463. pdf Engheta, N. (2007). Circuits with Light at Nanoscales: Optical Nanocircuits invigorate by Metamaterials. Science. Shivanand, S. V. (2008). Optical Nanocircuits. Purdue University, Indiana, USA. Retrieved November 15, 2008 from http://cobweb. ecn. purdue. edu/~ece695s/Lectures/Lecture_20. pdf\r\n'

'Internet Protocol\r'

'At first, programming affordrs, for example, Novell, created restrictive degree 3 tending to. Notwithstanding, the net-working industry has advanced to the blot that it requires a typical layer 3 tending to fashion model. The Internet Protocol (IP) delivers pay formations less demanding to both set up and interface with individually other.\r\nThe Internet utilizes IP tending to give availability to a great many strategys around the globe. To make it simpler to deal with the system and control the flowing of parcels, numerous tie-ups isolate their system layer tending to into littler parts know as subnets. Switches utilize the system or subnet segment of the IP tending to line of merchandise movement among conglomerate systems.\r\n both switch must be consistent particularly for the systems or subnets that will be associated with its interfaces.Switches speak with each other utilizing direction figures, for example, Routing In gaination Protocol (RIP) and Open form o f Shortest Path First (OSPF), to learn of diametrical systems that ar available and to compute the almost ideal approach to achieve each system in view of an motley of criteria, (for example, the way with the least switches).\r\nSwitches and other staged frameworks settle on these directing choices at the system layer. When passing bundles between various systems, it might end up burning(prenominal) to change their outbound size to nonpareil that is perfect with the layer 2 convention that is being utilized. The system layer achieves this by means of a procedure cognise as fracture.\r\nA switchs system layer is normally in charge of doing the discontinuity. any reassembly of divided parcels occurs at the system layer of the last goal framework. deuce of the extra elements of the system layer are diagnostics and the detailing of consistent varieties in typical system task. While the system layer diagnostics might be started by any organized framework, the framework finding t he variety reports it to the first sender of the bundle that is observed to be out-of-door nor-mal arrange task.\r\n socio-economic class 4: â€Å"The Transports”:Layer Four, the transmition layer of the OSI display, offers end-to-end correspondence between end gadgets through a system. dependent on(p) upon the application, the vehicle layer either offers dependable, association situated or con-nectionless, best-exertion correspondences.Identification application.Confirm that enter content arrive intact.Control data.Transmit error detections.Multiplexing or communion of different sessions over a lonesome(a) physical connectionRealignment of sectioned information in the right request on the getting side.\r\n'

'Getting Away with Torture\r'

'Global Governance 11 (2005), 389â€406 REVIEW testify acquiring outside(a) with crucify Kenprofith Roth The supply organisation’s workout of wring and in valet de chambree sermon has beneathmined unmatchable of the roughly grassroots global standards political science how governing bodys brook treat people under(a) their control. cussed to the efforts of the judiciary to pass this hatred off as the spontaneous misbehave of a few subordinate soldiers, ample evidence demonstrates that it reflects insurance finales drawn at the highest levels of the U. S. government.Repairing the damage through with(p) to global standards will ingest acknowledging this policy case and launching a actu altogethery on the loose(p) investigation to identify those responsible and encumber them accountable. The creation of regu of lated exceptions to the absolute ban of ache and mis sermon, as suggested by several(prenominal) academics, will non redeem the tarnished reputation of the linked nominates or make the global standards that the supply court has so naughtily change. KEYWORDS: spin, Abu Ghraib, Guatanamo, interrogatory, cruel manipulation.B’Tselem, â€Å"Legislation Allowing the Use of Physical deposit and Mental Coercion in Interrogations by the full general Security Service,” B’Tselem Position Paper, January 2000, 80 pp. pick bulge bulge out Danner, scud and Truth: the States, Abu Ghraib, and the state of war on fear ( brisk York: New York redirect examination of Books, 2004), 592 pp. Alan M. Dershowitz, Why Terrorism flora: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Ch e veryenge (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 288 pp. K arn J. Greenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, eds. , The strain document: The Road to Abu Ghraib (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 1,284 pp. Philip B. Heymann and Juliette N.Kayyem, Preserving Security and Democratic Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (Cambr idge: Belfer Center for Science and multi depicted object Affairs, 2004), 195 pp. valet de chambre Rights finder, The Road to Abu Ghraib (New York: human beings Rights Watch, 2004), 37 pp. Sanford Levinson, ed. , distortion: A Collection (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 328 pp. 389 390 acquire past with excruciate ho would go d wiz and through thought it still requisite to debate the merits of squeeze? Sure, there atomic number 18 continuously some governments that torment, tho they do it clandestinely. rag is inherently shamefulâ€some amour that, if blankd, is done in the shadows.In the constitution of multinational sym roadwayetic rights in effect(p)ice and institutions that has been constructed since World War II, there is no to a greater extent basal prohibition than the dislodge on bedevilment. Even the right to life admits exceptions, much(prenominal) as the killing of combatants completely in all(a)owed in wartime. however extor t is forbidden unconditionally, whether in time of peace or war, whether at the local police precinct or in the face of a major security threat. hitherto, suddenly, adjacent the terrorist efforts of fa knoty 11, 2001, torture and related mis discussion deal get unspoiled policy options for the united States.Academics are proposing shipway to shape the wo(e) that posterior be inflicted on curiouss in storage area. Overly clever U. S. government justnessyers pick up tried to define away make of laws against torture. The chaparral formation take aims latitude to shout detainees that its predecessors would never choose dared to contemplate. capital of the unify States’s new willingness to contemplate torture is non just theoretical. The abhorrence of prison ho expenders has flourished in the gulag of offshore clasp centers that the bush formation now maintains in Guantanamo, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the cloak-and-dagger dungeons where the U. S. governmen t’s â€Å"disappeared” prisoners are held.Hidden from public scrutiny, screen from licit accountability, the interrogators in these facilities have been allowed to flout the or so staple rules for the decent and valet de chambree treatment of detainees. plane torture remains the despicable trust it has of all time been. It de homosexualizes people by treating them as pawns to be manipulated through their pain. It harnesses the awesome force play of the state and applies it to forgiving beings at their most vulnerable. Br for each oneing any restraint of reciprocity, it slips the victim to ab work that the perpetrator would never himself want to encounter.Before looking at why Ameri preserves are suddenly confronting the torture option, it is legal to clarify what, exactly, torture is. The word torture has entered the vernacular to describe a host of irritants, scarcely its bollock crockeding in transnational law is quite specific: the intentional inf liction of sedate pain or suffering, whether natural or mental, for whatever reason. distorted shape as defined in internationalistic law is non done by private actors plainly by government officials or those operating with their coincide or acquiescence. 1 rag exists on a continuum of mistreatment.Ab occasion just short of torture is kn avow in international law as cruel, in kind, or degrading treatment. The lines between these different degrees of mistreatment are W Kenneth Roth 391 non crystal illumineâ€lesser forms are a lot gateways to tortureâ€which is one reason why international law prohibits all much(prenominal) forms of coercion. 2 suffering as well as cruel, in homophile, or degrading treatment is flatly prohibited by such treaties as the International Covenant on genteel and governmental Rights (ICCPR), the company Against Torture and Other Cruel, merciless or contaminating Treatment or penalization ( rove), and the geneva Conventions.All of thes e treaties are widely ratified, including by the unify States. None abides any exception to these prohibitions, even so in time of war or a respectable security threat. Indeed, these prohibitions are so fundamental that the Restatement of the distant Relations Law of the get together States, the most overbearing U. S. treatise on the look, lists them as peremptory jus cogens norms, meaning they give governments as a matter of customary international law, even in the absence of a treaty.Breach of these prohibitions gives parent to a crime of universal legal power, allowing the perpetrator to be prosecuted in any competent tribunal anywhere. nevertheless it is precisely because of the fundamental character of the prohibition of torture and cruel, in gentle, or degrading treatment that the crotch hair legal sy stand’s deliberate disregard for it is so damaging. If this basic gentleman rights protection can be stamp aside, no right is secure. Moreover, the render brass section is non just any government. When most governments wound international human rights law, they commit a colzaâ€the breach is condemned or prosecuted, barely the rule remains unfluctuating.Yet when a government as dominant and prestigious as the United States openly defies that law and judges to vindicate its defiance, it withal undermines the law itself, and invites early(a)s to do the same. That shakes the very foundations of the international system for the protection of human rights that has been carefully constructed over the previous(prenominal) sixty historic period. This unlawful conduct has also damaged capital of the United States’s aptness as a proponent of human rights and a leader of the cause against terrorist act. The U. S. government’s record of promoting human rights has always been mixed.For every offender it berated for human rights transgressions, there was some separate whose abuses it ignored, exc apply, or even supported. Yet despite this inconsistency, the United States historically has vie a key role in defending human rights. Its titty of controlling research†break-dance of a broader betrayal of human rights principles in the name of combating terrorismâ€has significantly afflicted its ability to mount that self-renunciation. As a result, governments go closely human rights pres undisputable from the United States now m separate(a) it increasingly easy to turn the tables, to challenge upper-case letter’s standing to uphold principles that it violates itself. 92 Getting Away with Torture Whether it is Egypt rationaliseing torture by part to U. S. practice, Malaysia defending administrative detention by invoking Guantanamo, Russia citing Abu Ghraib to unredeemed abuses in Chechnya solely on lowlevel soldiers, Nepal explaining a takeover by reference to America’s post phratry 11 excesses, or Cuba claiming the provide chairmanial term had â€Å"no ri ghteous ascendence to accuse” it of human rights violations, repressive governments run a risk it easier to deflect U. S. nip because of working capital’s own sorry counterterrorism record on human rights.Indeed, when Human Rights Watch asked State Department officials to protest administrative detention in Malaysia and prolonged incommunicado detention in Uganda, they demurred, explaining, in the language of one, â€Å"With what we are doing in Guantanamo, we’re on thin ice to charge up this. ”3 Washington’s loss of credibility has non been for lack of rhetorical support for concepts that are closely related to human rights, but the cut across of explicit human rights language seems to have been calculatedly noble-minded.In his January 2005 inaugural address speech, death chair furnish spoke extensively of his awe to â€Å"freedom” and â€Å"liberty,” his op rig to â€Å"tyranny” and â€Å"terrorism,” but b ut at all most his commitment to human rights. 4 The distinction has enormous significance. It is one liaison to pronounce oneself on the side of the â€Å"free,” quite some other to be bound by the full browse of human rights standards that are the foundation of freedom. It is one thing to declare oneself opposed to terrorism, quite another to embrace the body of international human rights and humanitarian law that enshrines the values rejecting terrorism.This linguistic sleight of handâ€this refthe Statesl to consent the legal liabilitys embraced by rights-respecting statesâ€has both reduced Washington’s credibility and facilitated its use of coercive examen. Because of this hypocrisy, umteen human rights defenders, particularly in the Middle atomic number 99 and North Africa, now cringe when the United States scratchs to their defense. Re formers in the Middle eastside speak of â€Å"the hug of last”â€the ill effects of Washington’ s insincere embrace.They may crave a powerful ally, but identifying too closely with a government that so brazenly ignores international law, whether in its own abuses or its alliance with other abusers, has run low a sure route to disrepute. At a time when the Bush nerve is extolling itself as a champion of unsnarl in the Middle East, as the catalyst bottom of the inning recent democratic developments, however modest, in Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the Palestinian territories, it is a sad irony that so few reformers wel buzz off its support.That weakening of Washington’s moral authority in the Middle East is particularly tragic, because that region is where effective counterterrorism efforts are most needed. Open and responsive political systems Kenneth Roth 393 are the outstrip way to encourage people to pursue their grievances peacefully. scarcely when the most vocal governmental advocate of body politic deliberately violates human rights, it undermi nes democratically inclined reformers and strengthens the bring up of those who preach to a greater extent radical visions. Instead, U. S. buses have gived a new rallying cry for terrorist recruiters, and the pictures from Abu Ghraib have become the recruiting posters for Terrorism, Inc. Many militants need no additional fillip to attack civilians, but if a weakened human rights culture eases even a few fence-sitters toward the path of violence, the consequences can be dire. Why is the United States winning this advent? To vent frustration, to exact revenge†maybeâ€but certainly not because torture and mistreatment are required for national security or protection.Respect for the geneva Conventions does not preclude vigorously interrogating detainees about a limitless eye socket of topics. The U. S. Army’s range manual on intelligence query makes clear that coercion undermines the quest for reliable tuition. 5 The U. S. army command in Iraq put forwards that Iraqi detainees are providing more useful intelligence when they are not subjected to abuse. In the words of Craig Murray, the United commonwealth’s former ambassador to Uzbekistan, who was speaking of the UK’s reliance on torture-extracted trial impression, â€Å"We are selling our souls for dross. 6 Moreover, coercive interrogative mood is making us less safe by effectively precluding illegal prosecution of its victims. Once a confession is coerced, it becomes extremely difficult to prove, as out-of-pocket process requires, that a subsequent prosecution of the leery is free of the fruits of that coercion. As a result, the Bush cheek finds itself holding some funnys who clearly have joined terrorist conspiracies and readiness have been criminally convicted and subjected to long prison terms, but against whom prosecution has become impossible. In February 2005, the all-important(prenominal) news show Agency (CIA) began openly fretting about the problem.Wha t happens, it worried, when move to detain suspects without trial becomes politically untenable, but prosecuting them is de jure impossible because of taint from coercive doubt? 7 None of this is to reckon that the United States is the worst human rights abuser. There are more more drab contenders for that notorious title, including governments that torture more frequently and more ruthlessly. But the United States is certainly the most influential abuser, making its contribution to the degradation of human rights standards bizarre and the costs to global institutions for upholding human rights incalculable.It is not comely to argue, as its defenders do, that the Bush administration is well intentionedâ€that they are the â€Å"good guys,” in the 394 Getting Away with Torture words of the environ Street Journal. 8 A society ordered on intentions rather than law is a lawless society. Nor does it excuse the administration’s human rights record, as its defender s have tried to do, to furrow that it removed two tyrannical governmentsâ€the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Ba’ath Party in Iraq. Attacks on repressive regimes cannot justify attacks on the body of principles that makes their repression illegal.So, how did we get here? How did the United States, historically perhaps the most vigorous governmental proponent of human rights, come to undermine through its own actions one of the most basic human rights there is? Several books, both new and old, provide insight into this sorry state of affairs. Cover-Up and Self-Investigation When the photos from Abu Ghraib became public, the Bush administration reacted like many ignominious governments that are caught redhanded: it went into damage control mode. It agreed that the torture and abuse featured in the photographs were wrong but desire to minimize the problem.The abusers, it claimed, were a handful of errant soldiers, a few â€Å"bad apples” at the bottom of the barrel. The problem, it argued, was contained, both geographically (one section of Abu Ghraib prison) and structurally ( further low-level soldiers, not more superior commanders). The abuse photographed at Abu Ghraib and break up about the world, it maintained, had nothing to do with the decisions and policies of more sr. officials. electric chair Bush vowed that â€Å"wrongdoers will be brought to justice,”9 but as of swear out 2005, virtually all of those facing prosecution were of the rank of sergeant or below.To some extent, the sheer outrageousness of the sexual and physical depravity featured in the Abu Ghraib photographs made it easier for the administration to disown responsibility. Few believe that professorship Bush or his senior officials would have ordered, for example, Lyndie England to parade about a naked detainee on a leash. Yet behind this particular mistreatment was an atmosphere of abuse to which the Bush administration, at the highest levels, did contribute . The ingredients of that atmosphere are draw in several new books.The most across-the-board compilation of the documentary record is contained in The Torture Papers, a book edited by Karen Greenberg and Joshua Dratel, which includes all of the administration’s notorious â€Å"torture memos” usable by late 2004. Mark Danner’s book, Torture and Truth, includes many of these same documents, as well as his insightful analysis, drawn from his articles in the New York Review of Kenneth Roth 395 Books, of the policy decisions that lay behind them. The Human Rights Watch declare, The Road to Abu Ghraib,10 details how this atmosphere played out on he ground, as American interrogators deployed â€Å" show and duress” research proficiencys and then covered up the cruel and occasionally deadly consequences. Torture: A Collection, a new set of essays on torture edited by Sanford Levinson, contains thoughtful essays from a range of scholars, including a vigorous debate about how to limit torture in the post-September 11 environment. The key to the administration’s strategy of damage control was a series of carefully throttle investigationsâ€at least(prenominal) ten so far-off.The chronicles of several of these are reprinted in the Greenberg and Dratel compilation. Most of the investigations, such as those conducted by Maj. Gen. George Fay and Lt. Gen. Anthony Jones, tortuous uniformed military officials examining the conduct of their subordinates; these officers lacked the authority to size up senior Pentagon officials. Typical was the most recent investigation, conducted by Vice Admiral Albert T. Church III, who said he did not interview senior officials such as Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld or draw conclusions about their individual responsibility. 11The one investigation with the theoretical aptitude to examine the conduct of Secretary Rumsfeld and his top underworldâ€the inquiry led by former depository of d efense James Schlesingerâ€was initiated by Rumsfeld himself and seemed to go out of its way to distance Rumsfeld from the problem. At the press group discussion releasing the fact-finding report, Schlesinger said that Rumsfeld’s capitulation â€Å"would be a boon to all America’s enemies. ” The Schlesinger investigation lacked the independency of, for example, the September 11 Commission, which was established with the active involvement of the U.S. sex act. 12 As for the CIAâ€the branch of the U. S. government believed to hold the most important terrorist suspectsâ€it has apparently escaped scrutiny by anyone other than its own inspector general. Meanwhile, no one seems to be looking at the role of President Bush and other senior administration officials. As for criminal investigations, there has been none supreme of the Bush administration. When an strange government official retaliated against a critic of the administration by revealing that his wife was a CIA doerâ€a erious crime because it could endanger herâ€the administration agreed, under pressure, to appoint a peculiar(prenominal) prosecutor who has been promised independence from administration watchfulness. Yet the administration has disdaind to appoint a special prosecutor to determine whether senior officials permit torture and other coercive examâ€a far more serious-minded and systematic offense. So far, prosecutors 396 Getting Away with Torture under the educational activity of the administration have focused exclusively on the little guy. The Policies Behind Abu Ghraib What would a genuinely self-sustaining investigation find?It would reveal that the abusive interrogation seen at Abu Ghraib did not erupt spontaneously at the lowest levels of the military chain of command. It was not barely a â€Å"management” failure, as the Schlesinger investigation suggested. As shown in the collection of official documents organized by Greenberg a nd Dratel and Danner, Danner’s analysis, and the Human Rights Watch study, these abuses were the direct merchandise of an environment of lawlessness, an atmosphere created by policy decisions taken at the highest levels of the Bush administration, long before the suck in of the Iraq war.They reflect a determination to shake terrorism unconstrained by fundamental principles of international human rights and humanitarian law, despite commitments by the United States and governments around the world to respect those principles even in multiplication of war and severe security threats. These policy decisions include: • The decision not to grant the detainees in U. S. grasp at Guantanamo their rights under the Geneva Conventions, even though the conventions apply to all people picked up on the battlefield of Afghanistan.Senior Bush officials vowed that all detainees would be hardened â€Å"humanely,” but that vow seems never to have been mischievously implemente d and at times was qualified (and arguably eviscerated) by a selfcreated exception for â€Å"military necessity. ” Meanwhile, the effective shredding of the Geneva Conventionsâ€and the corresponding sidestepping of the U. S. Army’s interrogation manualâ€sent U. S. interrogators the signal that, in the words of one leading counterterrorist official, â€Å"the gloves come off. ”13 The decision not to clarify for nearly two years that, regardless of the applicability of the Geneva Conventions, all detainees in U. S. imprisonment are protected by the collimate requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention Against Torture. Even when, at the urging of human rights groups, the Pentagon’s general counsel tardyly reaffirmed, in June 2003, that CAT prohibited not only torture but also other forms of ill treatment, that annunciation was communicated to interrogators, if at all, in a way that had no discernible im pact on their behavior.Kenneth Roth 397 • The decision to fancy the prohibition of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment narrowly, to permit certain forms of coercive interrogationâ€that is, certain efforts to rachet up a suspect’s pain, suffering, and abasement to make him talk. At the time of ratifying the ICCPR in 1992 and the CAT in 1994, the U. S. government said it would interpret this prohibition to mean the same thing as the requirements of the Fifth, Eighth, and fourteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution.The clear intent was to require that if an interrogation proficiency would be unconstitutional if used in an American police station or jail, it would violate these treaties if used against suspects overseas. Yet U. S. interrogators under the Bush administration have routinely subjected overseas terrorist suspects to abusive techniques that would clearly have been prohibited if used in the United States. That the use of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment was intentional was suggested by Attorney prevalent Alberto Gonzales during his confirmation process.In his written reply to Senate questions†later on(prenominal) the administration had supposedly repudiated the worst aspects of its torture memosâ€he see the U. S. reservation as permitting the use of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment so long as it was done against non-Americans outside the United States. 14 That makes the United States the only government in the world to claim openly as a matter of policy the power to use cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.Other governments limpidly subject detainees to inhumane treatment or worse as a matter of clandestine policy, but the Bush administration is the only government to proclaim this policy publicly. Reflecting that policy, the Bush administration in late 2004 successfully stopped a congressional effort to nix the CIA’s use of torture and inhumane treatment in interrogation. • The decision t o hold some suspects†xi known15 and reportedly some three dozenâ€in unacknowledged incommunicado detention, beyond the reach of even the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).Many other suspects were apparently temporarily hidden from the ICRC. Victims of such â€Å"disappearances” are at the greatest risk of torture and other mistreatment. For example, U. S. forces continue to maintain closed detention sites in Afghanistan, where beatings, threats, and sexual humiliation are still reported. At least twenty-six prisoners have died in U. S. irons in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2002 in what army and navy investigators have concluded or suspect were acts of criminal homicide. 16 One of those deaths was as recently as September 2004. The refusal for over two years to prosecute U. S. soldiers involve in the December 2002 deaths of two suspects in U. S. custody in Afghanistanâ€deaths ruled â€Å"homicides” by U. S. Army pathologists. 398 Getting Away wi th Torture Instead, the interrogators were sent to Abu Ghraib, where some were allegedly involved in more abuse. • The boon by Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld of some interrogation methods for Guantanamo that violated, at the very least, the prohibition of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment and possibly the ban on torture.These techniques included placing detainees in unnameable stress positions, hooding them, stripping them of their clothes, and scaring them with guard dogs. That approval was later rescinded, but it contributed to the environment in which the legal obligations of the United States were seen as dispensable. • The reported approval by an unidentified senior Bush administration official, and use, of â€Å" piss boarding”â€known as the â€Å"submarine” in Latin Americaâ€a torture technique in which the victim is made to believe he will drown, and in practice sometimes does.Remarkably, usher Goss, the CIA director, defended water boa rding in March 2005 testimony before the Senate as a â€Å"professional interrogation technique. ”17 • The turn oning of suspects to governments such as Syria, Uzbekistan, and Egypt that practice systematic torture. Sometimes diplomatic assurances have been desire that the suspects would not be mistreated, but if, as in these cases, the government receiving the suspect routinely flouts its legal obligation under the CAT, it is wrong to expect better conformance with the nonbinding word of a diplomat.The administration claimed that it monitored prisoners’ treatment, but a single prisoner, lacking the anonymity afforded by a larger group, would a lot be unable to report abuse for fear of reprisal. One U. S. official who visited extraneous detention sites disparaged this charade: â€Å"They say they are not abusing them, and that satisfies the legal requirement, but we all know they do. ”18 • The decision (adopted by the Bush administration from its earlier days) to oppose and undermine the International Criminal greet (ICC), in part out of fear that it qualification compel the United States to prosecute U.S. soulnel interested in war crimes or other comparable to(predicate) offenses that the administration would prefer to ignore. The administration spoke in terms of the ICC infringing U. S. reign, but since the ICC could not have jurisdiction over offenses committed by Americans in the United States without Washington’s consent, the sovereignty short letter in truth cuts the other way: it is a violation of the sovereignty of other governments on whose territory an atrocity might be committed not to be free to determine whether to prosecute the crime themselves or to send the matter to the ICC.The administration’s position on the ICC was thus reduced to an assertion of exceptionalismâ€a claim that no international enforcement regime should regulate U. S. unrighteousness overseas. Kenneth Roth 399 That signaled the administration’s determination to protect U. S. personnel from external accountability for any serious human rights offense that it might authorize. Since, in the absence of a special prosecutor, the administration itself controlled the prospects for domestic criminal accountability, its position offered an effective promise of impunity. The decision by the evaluator Department, the Defense Department, and the White crime syndicate counsel to brood dubious legal theories to justify torture, despite objections from the State Department and professional military lawyers. Under the snap of politically appointed lawyers, the administration offered such ludicrous interpretations of the law as the claim that coercion is not torture unless the pain caused is â€Å"equivalent to the pain that would be associated with serious physical injury so severe that death, organ failure, or permanent damage resulting in a loss of significant body blend will likely result. S imilarly, the administration claimed that President Bush has â€Å"commander-in-chief authority” to order tortureâ€a possibleness under which Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein may as well be accustomed the keys to their jail cells, since they too presumptively would have had â€Å"commander-in-chief authority” to authorize the atrocities that they directed. The justness Department, in a December 2004 memorandum modifying the exposition of torture, chose not to repudiate the claim about commander-in-chief authority to order torture but instead utter that repudiation was unnecessary because, it said, the chairman opposes torture as a matter of policy.These policy decisions, taken not by low-level soldiers but by senior officials of the Bush administration, created an â€Å"anything goes” atmosphere, an environment in which the ends were assumed to justify the means. Sometimes the mistreatment of detainees was merely tolerated, but at other times it w as actively encouraged or even ordered. In that environment, when the demand came from on high for â€Å"actionable intelligence”â€intelligence that might help stem the steady stream of U. S. asualties at the hands of Iraqi insurgentsâ€it was hardly surprising that interrogators saw no prohibition in the legal prohibition of torture and mistreatment. Nor did these basic human rights rules limit the broader effort to protect Americans from the post-September 11 risks of terrorism. To this day, the Bush administration has failed to repudiate many of these decisions. It continues to refuse to apply the Geneva Conventions to any of the more than ergocalciferol detainees held at Guantanamo (despite a U. S. court ruling rejecting its position) and to many others detained in Iraq and Afghanistan.It continues to â€Å"disappear” detainees, despite ample proof that these â€Å"ghost detainees” are extraordinarily vulnerable four hundred Getting Away with Torture t o torture. It continues to defend the practice of â€Å"rendering” suspects to governments that torture on the basis of implausible assurances and meaningless monitoring. It refuses to accept the duty never to use cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment anywhere. It continues its vendetta against the ICC. It has only selectively repudiated the many specious arguments for torture contained in the administration lawyers’ notorious â€Å"torture memos. And long after the abuses of Abu Ghraib became publicâ€at least as late as June 2004â€the Bush administration reportedly act to subject Guantanamo detainees to beatings, prolonged isolation, sexual humiliation, extreme temperatures, and painful stress positioning, all practices that the ICRC reportedly called â€Å"tantamount to torture. ”19 In selecting his cabinet for his second presidential term, President Bush seemed to rule out even folksy accountability. Secretary of State Colin Powell, the cabinet off icial who most forcefully opposed the administration’s disavowal of the Geneva Conventions, left his post.Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who ordered abusive interrogation techniques in violation of international law, stayed on. White theater Counsel Alberto Gonzales, who sought production of the memos justifying torture and who wrote that the fight against terrorism renders â€Å"obsolete” and â€Å"quaint” the Geneva Conventions’ limitations on the interrogation and treatment of prisoners, was rewarded with appointment as attorney general. 20 As for the broader Bush administration, the November 2004 electoral success seems to have reinforced its traditional disinclination to serious self-examination.It persists in its refusal to admit any policylevel misconduct in the treatment of detainees under interrogation. The Twisted Logic of Torture The Bush administration’s policy of abusive interrogation has received important support in the United States from three Harvard professors: Alan Dershowitz and Phil Heymann of Harvard Law School and Juliette Kayyem of Harvard’s Kennedy School. Rather than reinforce the absolute prohibitions of international law, each would seek to regulate exceptions to the prohibitions on mistreating detainees.Ostensibly their aim is to confine that mistreatment but, by legitimizing it through regulation, they would have the opposite effect. Dershowitz, in his book Why Terrorism Works and in his chapter in the Levinson compilation, typifies this regulatory approach. In his view, torture is inevitable, so prohibiting it will only drive it underground, where low-level officials use it in their discretion. Instead, he would subject torture to judicial heed by requiring investigators who want Kenneth Roth 401 to use it to seek the approval of a judgeâ€to procure a torture vindicate, much like they would seek a search warrant or an arrest warrant.This independent scrutiny, he posits, would reduce the incidence of torture. Dershowitz’s argument is built largely on faith that forcing torture into the open would reduce its use. But he just assumes that judges would have a less bailable attitude toward torture than do the senior members of the Bush administration. The available evidence is not encouraging. Since torture would presumably be sought in connection with investigations into serious criminal or national security matters, the entropy behind the request for a torture warrant would presumably be secret.As in the case of a search warrant or a wiretap, that would mean an ex parte application to a judge, with no calling card to the would-be victim of torture and no independent counsel opposing the request. How rigorous would judicial oversight be in such cases? We can understand some sense from the record of the courts used to pass foreign intelligence wiretaps, and the picture is not impressive. fit to the Center for Democracy and Technology, between 1993 and 2003, courts operating under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) were asked to extol nearly 10,000 wiretaps of foreign sovereign agents.Of those, all but four were approved. When an intelligence agent claims that life-and-death matters of national security are at stake, there is no reason to believe that the scrutiny by Dershowitz’s torture courts would be any more rigorous. In the meantime, by signaling that torture is at least sometimes acceptable, Deshowitz would reduce the stigma associated with its use. Torture would no longer be a despicable practice never to be used, but merely one more tool in the law enforcement arsenal.Torture specialists bore-hole to practice their trade would appear, international prohibitions of torture would be undermined, and America’s credibility as an opposite of torture would be deeply tarnished. Dershowitz points out that evaluate clandestine torture also legitimizes it, but he seems never seriously to consider the a lternative: vigorously trying to stop, and prosecute, anyone who breaches the absolute ban on torture. Heymann and Kayyem take a slightly different approach in their monograph, Preserving Security and Democratic Freedoms in the War on Terrorism. They foreswear torture but would allow a U. S. resident to order cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment so long as he or she certified to Congress that American lives were at stake. Again, the scheme is that such treatment would be rare because the president would be reluctant to invoke that power. But since the president has already claimed â€Å"commander-in-chief authority” to order even torture, and since his attorney general claimed the power as recently as January 2005 to 402 Getting Away with Torture order cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment so long as it is used against non-Americans overseas,21 Heymann and Kayyem are probably overestimating presidential inhibitions.Making the defense against cruel, inhuman, or degrading t reatment depend on the man who has made such treatment a central part of U. S. counterterrorism strategy is truly communicate the fox to guard the chicken coop. Heymann and Kayyem take a similar regulatory approach to coercive interrogation short of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. The U. S. Army’s field manual on intelligence interrogation makes clear that coercive interrogation is unnecessary, unreliable, and wrong.That’s because, as most professional interrogators explain, coercive interrogation is far less likely to produce reliable study than the time-tested methods of careful questioning, probing, cross-checking, and gaining the confidence of the detainee. A person facing severe pain is likely to say whatever he thinks will stop the torture. But a skilled interrogator can a lot extract accurate information from the toughest suspect without resorting to coercion. Yet Heymann and Kayyem would abandon that bright-line rule and permit coercive interrogation so long as the president notifies Congress of the techniques to be used.However, setting American interrogators free from the firm mooring of the U. S. Army field manual can be dangerous, as we have seen so sorely in Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. If mere coercion (itself a violation of the Geneva Conventions in wartime) does not workâ€and, given that the suspect is supposedly a hardened terrorist, often it will notâ€interrogators will be all too tempted to ratchet up the pain, suffering, and humiliation until the suspect cracks, regardless of the dubious reliability of information provided in such circumstances.In this way, coercion predictably gives way to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, which in turn gives rise to torture. The proposals from Dershowitz and Heymann and Kayyem suffer from the same fundamental defect: they seek to regulate the mistreatment of detainees rather than reinforce the prohibition against such abuse. In the end, any effo rt to regulate mistreatment ends up legitimizing it and inviting repetition. â€Å"never” cannot be redeemed if allowed to be read as â€Å"sometimes. ” Regulation too easily becomes license.Behind the Dershowitz and Heymann and Kayyem proposals is some rendering of the â€Å"ticking dud” scenario, a situation in which interrogators are said to believe that a terrorist suspect in custody knows where a ticking attack has been planted and mustiness urgently force that information from him to save lives. Torture and inhumane treatment Kenneth Roth 403 may be wrong, those who talk of ticking bombs would concede, but the mound murder of a terrorist attack is worse, so in these supposedly rare situations, the lesser evil must be tolerated to prevent the greater one.The ticking bomb scenario makes for great philosophical discussion, but it rarely arises in real life, at least not in a way that avoids opening the door to permeant torture. In fact, interrogators ha rdly ever learn that a suspect in custody knows of a particular, impending terrorist bombing. Intelligence is rarely if ever good large to demonstrate a particular suspect’s knowledge of an imminent attack. Instead, interrogators tend to use circumstantial evidence to show such â€Å"knowledge,” such as someone’s association with or presumed social rank in a terrorist group.Moreover, the ticking bomb scenario is a dangerously expansive metaphor capable of embracement anyone who might have knowledge not just of immediate attacks but also of attacks at unspecified future times. After all, why are the victims of only an imminent terrorist attack deserving of protection by torture and mistreatment? Why not also use such coercion to prevent a terrorist attack tomorrow or next week or next year? And once the taboo against torture and mistreatment is broken, why stop with the alleged terrorists themselves?Why not also torture and abuse their families or associatesà ¢â‚¬or anyone who might provide lifesaving information? The slope is very slippery. Israel’s experience is instructive in screening how dangerously elastic the ticking bomb rule can become, as described by the Israeli human rights group B’Tselem in its report on interrogations by Israel’s intelligence agency, the General Security Services (GSS). In 1987, an official government commission, headed by former Israeli Supreme speak to president Moshe Landau, recommended authorizing the use of â€Å"moderate physical pressure” in ticking bomb situations.As B’Tselem describes, a practice initially justified as rare and exceptional, taken only when necessary to save lives, gradually became standard GSS procedure. Soon, some 80 to 90 percent of Palestinian security detainees were being tortured until 1999 when the Israeli Supreme Court curtailed the practice. Dershowitz cites the court’s belated intervention as validation of his theory that mod ulate torture is the best way to defeat it, but he never asks whether the severe victimization of so many Palestinians could have been avoided with a prohibitory approach from the start.Notably, Israel’s escalation in the use of torture took place even though a ministerial mission chaired by the prime minister was supervising interrogation practicesâ€a regulatory procedure similar to the one proposed by Heymann and Kayyem. Indeed, in September 1994, following several suicide bombings, the ministerial committee 404 Getting Away with Torture even loosened the restrictions on interrogators by permitting â€Å"increased physical pressure. ” Heymann and Kayyem never explain why, especially in light of the abysmal record of the Bush administration, we should expect any better from high-level U. S. officials.The trend Forward Faced with substantial evidence video display that the abuses at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere were caused in large part by official government policie s, the Bush administration must reaffirm the importance of making human rights a guiding force for U. S. conduct, even in fighting terrorism. That requires acknowledging and reversing the policy decisions behind the administration’s torture and mistreatment of detainees, holding accountable those responsible at all levels of government for this abuse (not just a bunch of privates and sergeants), and publicly committing to ending all forms of coercive interrogation.These steps are necessary to reaffirm the prohibition of torture and ill treatment, to redeem Washington’s voice as a credible proponent of human rights, and to restore the effectiveness of a U. S. -led campaign against terrorism. Yet all that is easier said than done. How can President Bush and the Republican-controlled U. S. Congress be convince to establish a fully independent investigative commissionâ€similar to the one created to examine the attacks of September 11, 2001â€to determine what went wr ong in the administration’s interrogation practices and to prescribe remedial steps?How can Attorney-General Gonzales, who as White House counsel played a central role in formulating the administration’s interrogation policy, be persuaded to recognize his obvious conflict of interest and appoint a special prosecutor charged with investigating criminal misconduct independently of the Justice Department’s direction? These are not steps that the administration or its congressional allies will take willingly. military press will be needed. And that pressure cannot and should not come from only the usual suspects.The torture and abuse of prisoners is an bruise to the most basic American values. It is antithetical to the pump beliefs in the integrity of the individual on which the United States was founded. And it violates one of the most basic prohibitions of international law. This is not a partisan concern, not an issue limited to one part of the political spect rum. It is a matter that all Americansâ€and their colleagues around the worldâ€should insist be meaningfully addressed and changed.It is an issue that should preoccupy governments, whether friend or foe, as well as such international organizations and actors as Kenneth Roth 405 the UN Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Committee, High Commissioner on Human Rights, and special(a) Rapporteur on Torture. Taking on the world’s superpower is never easy, but it is essential if the basic architecture of international human rights law and institutions is not to be deeply compromised.As Secretary-General Kofi Annan told the March 2005 International line of longitude on Democracy, Terrorism and Security: â€Å"Upholding human rights is not merely compatible with successful counter-terrorism strategy. It is an essential element. ”22 There is no room for torture, even in fighting terrorism; it risks undermining the foundation on which all of our rights rest. Notes K enneth Roth is executive director of Human Rights Watch. 1. See Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Art. 1. . Ibid. , Art. 16. 3. See â€Å"Malaysia: P. M’s Visit Puts Spotlight on political detainee vitiate,” Human Rights Watch News, 19 July 2004, available online at http://hrw. org/english/ docs/2004/07/19/malays9097. htm. 4. Fifty-fifth Inaugural Ceremony, 20 January 2005; see www. whitehouse. gov/inaugural. 5. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation, Washington, D. C. , 28 September 1992, available online at http://atiam. train. army. mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/302562-1/FM/3452/FM34_52. PDF. 6. ‘Torture Intelligence’ Criticized,” BBC News, 11 October 2004, available online at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk/3732488. stm. 7. Douglas Jehl, â€Å"C. I. A. Is Seen as Seeking New portion on Detainees,” New York Times, 16 February 2005. 8. â€Å"Red Double-Crossed Again,” Wall Street Journal, 2 December 2004. 9. Remarks by President Bush and His Majesty King Abdullah II of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in a Press Availability, 6 may 2004, available online at www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2004/05/20040506-9. html. 10. Available online at http://www. rw. org/reports/2004/usa0604/. 11. Josh White and Bradley Graham, â€Å"Senators Question Absence of damned in iniquity Report,” Washington Post, 11 March 2005. 12. The 9/11 Commission Report, see http://a257. g. akamaitech. net/7/257/ 2422/05aug20041050/www. gpoaccess. gov/911/pdf/fullreport. pdf. 13. Testimony of Cofer Black, former director of the CIA’s Counterterrorism Center, before a joint session of the Senate and House Intelligence Committees, 26 September 2002, available online at www. fas. org/irp/congress/ 2002_hr/092602black. tml. (â€Å"All I want to say is that there was ‘before’ 9/11 and ‘after’ 9/11. After 9/11 the gloves come off. ”) 14. â€Å"A Degrading Policy,” Washington Post, 26 January 2005; â€Å"U. S. Justifying Abuse of Detainees,” Human Rights Watch News, 25 January 2005. 406 Getting Away with Torture 15. Human Rights Watch, The United States’ â€Å"Disappeared”: The CIA’s long-term â€Å"Ghost Detainees” (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2004), available online at www. hrw. org/backgrounder/usa/us1004/index. htm. 16. Douglas Jehl and Eric Schmitt, â€Å"U. S.Military Says 26 Inmate Deaths May Be Homicide,” New York Times, 16 March 2005. 17. Douglas Jehl, â€Å"Questions Are Left by C. I. A. Chief on the Use of Torture,” New York Times, 18 March 2005. 18. Dana Priest, â€Å"CIA’s Assurances on Transferred Suspects Doubted,” Washington Post, 17 March 2005. 19. Neil A. Lewis, â€Å"Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantanamo,” New York Times, 30 November 2004. 20. Memorandum to the Presid ent from Alberto R. Gonzales, 25 January 2002, available online at www. msnbc. msn. com/id/4999148/site/newsweek. â€Å"In my judgment, this new paradigm [the war against terrorism] renders obsolete Geneva’s strict limitations on questioning of resistance prisoners and renders quaint some of its provisions requiring that captured enemy be afforded . . . [listed] privileges. ”) 21. â€Å"A Degrading Policy” and â€Å"U. S. Justifying Abuse of Detainees. ” 22. set address to the Closing Plenary of the International treetop on Democracy, Terrorism and Security, â€Å"A Global outline for Fighting Terrorism,” Madrid, Spain, 10 March 2005, available online at www. un. org/apps/sg/ sgstats. asp? nid=1345.\r\n'